H.R. 4140

[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 4140 Introduced in House (IH)]

<DOC>

119th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 4140

To provide protection, support, and humanitarian assistance to Rohingya 
refugees and internally displaced people in Burma as well as promote 
accountability and a path out of genocide and crimes against humanity 
for Rohingya.

_______________________________________________________________________

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

June 25, 2025

Mr. Meeks (for himself, Mr. McCaul, Mr. Bera, and Mr. Huizenga) 
introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on 
Foreign Affairs

_______________________________________________________________________

A BILL

To provide protection, support, and humanitarian assistance to Rohingya 
refugees and internally displaced people in Burma as well as promote 
accountability and a path out of genocide and crimes against humanity 
for Rohingya.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ``Burma Genocide Accountability and 
Protection Act'' or the ``Burma GAP Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

Congress finds the following:
(1) In its report dated September 17, 2018, the United 
Nations Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on 
Myanmar (FFM) found that impunity was a ``root cause of 
continued human rights violations in Myanmar'' that ``has 
significantly and demonstrably contributed to the validation of 
deeply oppressive and discriminatory conduct, enabled 
recurrence of human rights violations and atrocity crimes, and 
emboldened perpetrators and silenced victims'', and concluded 
that ``ensuring accountability for crimes'' was ``the key to 
disrupting patterns of oppression and cycles of violence'' as 
well as a legal obligation for Burma.
(2) On December 13, 2018, the United States House of 
Representatives passed H. Res. 1091, by an overwhelming 
majority of 394 to 1, expressing the sense of the House of 
Representatives that atrocities committed against Rohingya by 
members of the Burma military and security forces since August 
2017 constitute crimes against humanity and genocide.
(3) On September 16, 2019, the FFM reported that it ``has 
reasonable grounds to conclude that the evidence that infers 
genocidal intent on the part of the state, identified in its 
last report, has strengthened that there is a serious risk that 
genocidal actions may occur or recur''.
(4) On February 1, 2021, the Burma military conducted a 
coup d'etat, derailing Burma's transition to democracy and 
disregarding the will of the people of Burma.
(5) Since the February 2021 military coup, the Burma 
military and certain local armed groups have continued to 
commit crimes and abuses against Rohingya. In Rakhine state, 
over 600,000 Rohingya, including at least 130,000 confined in 
internally displaced persons (IDP) camps face heightened risks. 
The military continues to target Rohingya with laws and 
policies that criminalize the exercise of human rights, as well 
as with arbitrary arrest and detention, torture, sexual 
violence, and murder.
(6) On March 21, 2022, Secretary of State Antony Blinken 
announced the Secretary had determined that ``members of the 
Burmese military committed genocide and crimes against humanity 
against Rohingya''.
(7) The United States has been the leading contributor of 
humanitarian assistance in response to the Rohingya crisis.
(8) The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 
said in a June 2023 report that the Burma military's 
restrictions on aid access by local and international 
organizations seeking to respond to Cyclone Mocha in Rakhine 
state in May 2023 may amount to gross violations of 
international human rights law, and serious violations of 
international humanitarian law.
(9) According to the World Food Program, over 15 percent of 
young children in the Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh are 
suffering from malnutrition. The World Food Program estimates 
that it needs another $83,000,000 in funding to maintain full 
rations and meet the basic minimum nutritional needs of 
refugees through May 2026.
(10) Funding cuts and rising commodity prices have 
exacerbated protection concerns for Rohingya refugees in 
Bangladesh, especially with respect to gender-based violence 
and child protection, worsening health outcomes and fueling 
unsafe and irregular migration throughout the surrounding 
region.
(11) Combined with rising food insecurity, Rohingya are 
increasingly unsafe in Bangladesh as a result of growing 
competition between armed and criminal groups in the refugee 
camps. These factors have driven thousands of Rohingya to flee 
to maritime Southeast Asia by boat only to face obstacles from 
regional navies and growing resentment from local populations.
(12) The long, systemic denial of the exercise of certain 
rights, including education, freedoms of expression, movement, 
and rights related to nationality have had enduring effects on 
many Rohingya persons' mental and physical well-being and 
perpetuate the risk of future genocidal violence until these 
root causes are addressed.

SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY.

It is the policy of the United States--
(1) to uphold Article I of the Convention on the Prevention 
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, to which the United 
States is a party, to prevent the crime of genocide and punish 
its perpetrators;
(2) to prevent and end atrocities committed against 
Rohingya by addressing the root causes of the genocide and 
crimes against humanity committed against them, holding the 
perpetrators of these crimes accountable, supporting solutions 
to respect the human rights and uphold the dignity of Rohingya, 
and to ensure Rohingya involvement and representation in 
decision making and implementation processes to address these 
needs;
(3) to support the empowerment of Rohingya civilian 
leadership in diaspora communities, refugee camps in 
Bangladesh, and inside Burma through consultation and 
collaboration with Rohingya community representatives;
(4) to provide holistic support to the Rohingya community 
to overcome decades of systematic persecution and 
discrimination and to best support the desires of all 
communities in Burma to achieve lasting peace and an inclusive, 
Federal democracy including through credible transitional 
justice processes;
(5) to collaborate with other countries to pursue and 
implement coordinated, comprehensive, and sustained measures 
for upholding the dignity and protecting the human rights of 
Rohingya;
(6) to engage in a coordinated manner with the United 
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees other relevant United 
Nations agencies, governments, and intergovernmental entities 
to establish protocols and respond to protection concerns and 
to prevent and protect Rohingya from further atrocities; and
(7) to isolate the Burma military junta diplomatically and 
economically until such time that there is a return to civilian 
rule in Burma.

SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

It is the sense of Congress that--
(1) the United States has a moral and legal responsibility 
to prevent and punish genocide, including against Rohingya;
(2) the Secretary of State's determination in March 2022 
that genocide and crimes against humanity have been committed 
against Rohingya by members of the Burma military should lead 
to support for Rohingya to overcome decades of systemic 
persecution, marginalization, and violence;
(3) the Rohingya crisis and the broader Burma crisis must 
be addressed simultaneously to ensure that history does not 
repeat itself;
(4) the United States should work with other donor nations 
to ensure that Rohingya refugees in refugee camps in Bangladesh 
receive a ration sufficient to meet the humanitarian minimum 
standards for food and nutrition needs;
(5) the United States should encourage other countries to 
contribute additional assistance and follow United States 
leadership in protecting Rohingya through humanitarian 
assistance, political and economic empowerment, accountability 
for genocide, crimes against humanity, and any other 
international crimes committed by the Burma military and other 
armed groups in Burma, as well as supporting the voluntary 
resettlement or eventual safe repatriation of Rohingya refugees 
to Burma when conditions allow; and
(6) the United States should continue not to recognize the 
Burma military junta as the legitimate political representative 
of the Burmese people given the genocide, crimes against 
humanity, and coup that it has perpetrated.

SEC. 5. UNITED STATES SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE AND POLICY COORDINATOR FOR 
BURMA.

(a) In General.--In the absence of a United States Ambassador to 
Burma, the Secretary of State is authorized to appoint a career Foreign 
Service Officer of Senior Foreign Service rank as Special 
Representative and Policy Coordinator for Burma.
(b) Duties.--The Special Representative shall--
(1) promote a comprehensive international effort, including 
multilateral sanctions, direct dialogue with all parties, 
including democracy advocates, and support for nongovernmental 
organizations operating in Burma and neighboring countries, 
designed to restore civilian democratic governance to Burma and 
address the urgent humanitarian needs in the region;
(2) consult broadly, including with the Governments of 
Thailand, Bangladesh, India, the Republic of Korea, Japan, the 
member states of ASEAN, the European Union, and other nations 
to coordinate policies toward Burma;
(3) assist efforts by the United Nations Special Envoy to 
secure the release of all political prisoners in Burma and to 
promote dialogue among all parties, including leaders of 
Burma's democracy movement;
(4) consult with Congress on policies relevant to Burma and 
the future and welfare of all the Burmese people, including 
refugees;
(5) coordinate multilateral sanctions efforts against Burma 
among United States allies and partners; and
(6) support protection, humanitarian assistance, and 
accountability efforts for Rohingya and other Burmese ethnic 
minorities in Burma and the surrounding region.
(c) Sunset.--This section shall terminate on the date that is 5 
years after the date of the enactment of this Act.

SEC. 6. SUPPORT FOR PROTECTION EFFORTS AND DURABLE SOLUTIONS WITH 
RESPECT TO ROHINGYA.

(a) In General.--The Secretary of State, in consultation with the 
Special Representative (if so designated under section 5(a)), should 
support efforts to protect Rohingya and prevent further atrocities 
against Rohingya and other Burmese ethnic minorities.
(b) Protection Efforts.--In carrying out subsection (a), the 
Secretary should seek to engage in crisis response efforts and efforts 
to maximize the safety, security, and well-being of Rohingya in Burma 
and throughout South Asia and Southeast Asia, by--
(1) supporting Rohingya refugees access to international 
protection as well as international asylum and refugee 
mechanisms, and preventing indefinite detention and 
nonrefoulement;
(2) facilitating greater access for Rohingya facing ongoing 
abuse, including human trafficking and gender-based violence, 
to appropriate legal support services;
(3) supporting a monitoring mechanism, rapid response team, 
legal assistance, and communication mechanisms to overcome 
military-imposed internet and telecommunication restrictions 
for Rohingya living in Burma;
(4) working with other governments in the region to 
strengthen regional mechanisms and overall coordination on 
lifesaving search and rescue, safe disembarkation, effective 
receiving and comprehensive assistance for Rohingya refugees;
(5) supporting host communities to facilitate a safer, more 
supportive, and welcoming environment for Rohingya refugees 
through the provision of technical assistance and cooperation 
with local organizations and governments; and
(6) engaging the Government of Bangladesh and the 
international community to establish the necessary mechanisms 
for Rohingya refugees to file protection claims, and seek 
accountability by--
(A) improving Rohingya refugees ability to access 
justice within Bangladesh through legal aid, 
simplifying the process for filing cases, facilitating 
the access of lawyers involved in international legal 
proceedings involving Rohingya, and enabling Rohingya 
to travel abroad to participate in legal proceedings in 
other courts;
(B) supporting enhanced coordination among 
Bangladesh security forces on investigations and 
accountability;
(C) supporting training for Bangladesh's Armed 
Police Battalion (APBn) and any other units providing 
security for Rohingya refugee camps on humanitarian 
protection principles and community safety; and
(D) encouraging the Government of Bangladesh and 
other host governments to allow safe houses for 
Rohingya human rights activists, as well as defectors, 
insider witnesses to atrocities against Rohingya and 
other refugees facing imminent threats.
(c) Promoting Durable Solutions.--In carrying out subsection (a), 
the Secretary should seek to promote durable solutions with respect to 
Rohingya by--
(1) supporting the inclusion of Rohingya across various 
sectors in Burma;
(2) facilitating training and capacity building on atrocity 
prevention for the National Unity Government (NUG), the 
National Unity Consultative Council (NUCC), the Committee 
Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH), ethnic armed 
organizations, and other political stakeholders;
(3) in consultation with Rohingya community 
representatives, including women and civil society leaders, 
collaborating with and supporting key non-military stakeholders 
to take preparatory steps for--
(A) ensuring the safe and voluntary return of 
Rohingya, which should include those individuals 
displaced in the 1990s or born as internally displaced 
persons or refugees to their places of origin in Burma;
(B) restoring and protecting Rohingyas rights and 
providing them full and equal citizenship;
(C) recognizing Rohingya as an official ethnic 
group in Burma, and securing equal social and political 
power sharing under a Federal democratic Constitution;
(D) promoting convenings and engagement among 
Rohingya, non state actors, civil society groups, and 
other key stakeholders in Rakhine state to promote 
trust building and reconciliation;
(E) including Rohingya across administration and 
governance mechanisms of Burma, including Rakhine 
state; and
(F) developing a comprehensive transitional justice 
strategy;
(4) working with United States allies and partners to 
broaden resettlement programs and supporting the voluntary 
resettlement of the most vulnerable individuals within Rohingya 
populations, as well as defectors, deserters, and insider 
witnesses participating in justice processes; and
(5) supporting repatriation of Rohingya refugees only when 
conditions are conducive for a safe, voluntary, and sustainable 
return with full rights restored.

SEC. 7. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT FOR ROHINGYA REFUGEES AND 
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS.

(a) In General.--The Secretary of State, in consultation with the 
Special Representative (if so designated under section 5(a)) and other 
relevant United States Government agencies, should continue to provide 
assistance to Rohingya refugees, internally displaced persons, and host 
communities receiving such refugees and persons.
(b) Activities Supported.--Assistance provided under subsection (a) 
shall include the following:
(1) Protection programming, including interventions focused 
on Rohingya civil society leaders, human rights activists, and 
others threatened by armed groups.
(2) Support for Rohingya civil society and community-based 
organizations, including diplomatic engagement to encourage the 
Government of Bangladesh to allow the operation of Rohingya-led 
civil society and community-based organizations in the refugee 
camps in Bangladesh.
(3) Programs to prevent and respond to gender-based 
violence, trafficking, forced marriage, as well as specialized 
training programs for vulnerable groups.
(4) Support for education, including higher education, for 
Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.
(5) Support for displaced Rohingya to access livelihoods 
through vocational training and volunteer programs organized by 
international organizations and nongovernmental organizations.
(6) Support for meeting basic needs, including food, 
nutrition, health care, protection, shelter, water, sanitation, 
and hygiene support.
(7) Support to Rohingya in Burma, refugee camps in 
Bangladesh, and the diaspora to preserve Rohingya culture, 
history, and memory.

SEC. 8. PROMOTING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST 
HUMANITY COMMITTED AGAINST ROHINGYA IN BURMA.

(a) In General.--The Secretary of State, in consultation with the 
Special Representative (if so designated under section 5(a)) and other 
relevant United States Government agencies, should take the actions 
described in subsection (b) to promote accountability for genocide and 
crimes against humanity committed against Rohingya in Burma.
(b) Actions Described.--The actions described in this subsection 
are the following:
(1) Support comprehensive justice and accountability for 
genocide and crimes against humanity committed against 
Rohingya, including through consultation with and participation 
by the Rohingya community.
(2) Support for the efforts of entities, including the 
Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, in their work 
to safely collect and preserve evidence of genocide and crimes 
against humanity committed against Rohingya, including through 
open-source research and by cultivating insider, defector, 
deserter, and survivor witnesses, and to develop the chain of 
evidence, for potential use in prosecutions in domestic, 
hybrid, and international courts.
(3) Provide assistance, particularly financial and 
technical assistance, to efforts led by Rohingya to monitor and 
document evidence to lead, assist, or inform other 
investigative mechanisms and justice processes.
(4) Encourage the development of an intergovernmental fund 
to support reparative justice for Rohingya victims and 
survivors and identify sources of funding from foreign 
governments and within the United States Government that have 
already been appropriated.
(5) Engage with Burma's civilian leadership and any 
subsequent democratic leadership in Burma to officially 
acknowledge genocide and crimes against humanity committed by 
members of the Burma military, restore Rohingya's citizenship 
and equal rights in Burma, and ensure compensation by the 
Government of Burma and restitution for their land and 
property, and by providing support, including technical and 
financial assistance, for efforts to memorialize genocide and 
crimes against humanity in Burma, particularly those efforts 
led by the affected communities.
(6) Provide support for institutional reform and other 
guarantees of nonrecurrence by civilian leadership in Burma, 
including the security sector, legislature, and education 
system, and the inclusion and equal participation of Rohingya 
in all areas of administration and governance, under an 
eventual Federal democratic system.
(7) Use convening authority to directly bring together 
various ethnic groups and other related stakeholders in Burma 
to promote truth, justice, nonrecurrence, and reconciliation, 
to support facilitation of related efforts by civilian 
leadership in Burma, and to provide both technical and 
financial support to entities, especially the civil society of 
Burma, to implement work aimed at strengthening rule of law and 
initiatives aimed at atrocity prevention.

SEC. 9. REPORT.

(a) In General.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter for 5 years, the 
Secretary of State, in consultation with the Special Representative (if 
so designated under section 5(a)), shall submit to the appropriate 
congressional committees a report that includes--
(1) a description of and an assessment of the effectiveness 
of the efforts of the United States Government, during the year 
prior to the submission of such report, to--
(A) identify and respond to atrocity risk factors 
that concern Rohingya;
(B) deter future atrocities against Rohingya and 
other Burmese ethnic minorities;
(C) respond to the need for humanitarian assistance 
for and protection of Rohingya and other Burmese ethnic 
minorities;
(D) document the nature of and responsibility for 
atrocity crimes committed against Rohingya and other 
Burmese ethnic minorities; and
(E) promote justice and accountability for atrocity 
crimes committed against Rohingya and other Burmese 
ethnic minorities;
(2) a detailed description of the actions taken pursuant to 
sections 6, 7, and 8;
(3) an assessment of the effect of the actions described in 
paragraph (2) on the advancement of the policies described in 
section 3;
(4) a list of activities and programs initiated pursuant to 
this Act;
(5) the number of Rohingya refugees resettled in the United 
States in the year preceding the submission of such report, 
segmented by the country from which such refugees were 
resettled;
(6) the number of Rohingya refugees resettled in countries 
other than the United States in the year preceding the 
submission of such report;
(7) a description of any new challenges facing Rohingya in 
Burma or in refugee camps in the year preceding the submission 
of such report, including an assessment of early warning 
indicators and risk factors for atrocities; and
(8) a list of recommendations to facilitate the 
implementation of this Act and advance the policies described 
in section 3, which may include recommended--
(A) legislative action;
(B) administrative action; and
(C) provision of additional resources.
(b) Report Form.--
(1) Classification.--The report required under subsection 
(a) shall be submitted in unclassified form and may contain a 
classified annex.
(2) Public availability of information.--Not later than 45 
days after the date on which the appropriate congressional 
committees received such report, the unclassified portion of 
such report shall be made publicly available on the website of 
the Department of State.

SEC. 10. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

(a) General Authorizations.--For each of fiscal years 2026 through 
2030, there are authorized to be appropriated, from amounts made 
available to carry out the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 
2151 et seq.), such sums as may be necessary to carry out sections 6, 
7, and 8 of this Act.
(b) Specific Authorizations of Appropriations.--For each of fiscal 
years 2026 through 2030, there are authorized to be appropriated--
(1) $5,000,000 for the Department of State to support 
atrocity crime investigations, documentation, and casework, 
transitional justice and accountability mechanisms, witness 
protection measures, and technical support related to Rohingya 
and other Burmese ethnic minorities; and
(2) $4,000,000 to support programs that capture, analyze, 
and make widely available evidence of the ongoing atrocities 
against the people of Burma through the documentation, 
verification, and dissemination of open-source evidence.

SEC. 11. DEFINITIONS.

In this Act:
(1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term 
``appropriate congressional committees'' means--
(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House 
of Representatives; and
(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the 
Senate.
(2) Genocide.--The term ``genocide'' means any offense 
described in section 1091(a) of title 18, United States Code.
(3) Special representative.--The term ``Special 
Representative'' means the United States Special Representative 
and Policy Coordinator for Burma designated by the President 
pursuant to section 5(a).
(4) Burma military junta.--The term ``Burma military 
junta'' means the State Administrative Council of Burma or any 
successor to such entity.
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