S. 4875

[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 4875 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>

119th CONGRESS
2d Session
S. 4875

To amend the Public Health Service Act to establish a program to 
develop innovative antimicrobial drugs targeting the most challenging 
pathogens and most threatening infections, and for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

June 23, 2026

Mr. Bennet (for himself, Mr. Young, Mrs. Gillibrand, Mr. Rounds, and 
Mr. Hickenlooper) introduced the following bill; which was read twice 
and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

_______________________________________________________________________

A BILL

To amend the Public Health Service Act to establish a program to 
develop innovative antimicrobial drugs targeting the most challenging 
pathogens and most threatening infections, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ``Pioneering Antimicrobial 
Subscriptions To End Upsurging Resistance Act of 2026'' or the 
``PASTEUR Act of 2026''.

SEC. 2. PURPOSE.

The purpose of this Act is to ensure the availability of 
antimicrobials to--
(1) stimulate a new age of research, development, and 
market access to lifesaving medicines;
(2) ensure the appropriate use of lifesaving medicines;
(3) maintain the highest medical care standards for 
American patients;
(4) promote national health system preparedness; and
(5) defend the United States and its military.

SEC. 3. DEVELOPING ANTIMICROBIAL INNOVATIONS.

Title III of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 241 et seq.) 
is amended by adding at the end the following:

``PART X--U.S. NOVEL ANTIMICROBIAL SUPPLY CONTRACTS

``SEC. 399PP. CONTRACT APPLICATION, AWARD, AND IMPLEMENTATION.

``(a) In General.--The Secretary may enter into contracts with 
sponsors of eligible antimicrobials for the purpose of ensuring the 
availability of such eligible antimicrobials.
``(b) Eligible Antimicrobial.--To be eligible for a contract under 
this section, an antimicrobial drug shall--
``(1) treat a pathogen--
``(A) included as an `urgent' or `serious' threat 
in the most recent Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the 
United States report published by the Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention; or
``(B) that the Secretary has determined appropriate 
in consultation with the Advisory Group established 
under section 399PP-1; and
``(2) address an unmet medical need.
``(c) Applications.--
``(1) Submission.--To be eligible to enter into a contract 
under this section, a sponsor of an eligible antimicrobial 
shall submit to the Secretary an application not later than 2 
years after the date on which the eligible antimicrobial is--
``(A) approved under section 505(c) of the Federal 
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (including in accordance 
with section 506(h) of such Act); or
``(B) licensed under section 351(a) of this Act.
``(2) Contents.--An application submitted under paragraph 
(1) with respect to an eligible antimicrobial--
``(A) shall include--
``(i) appropriate information to determine 
the score of the eligible antimicrobial in 
accordance with the methodology established 
under subsection (d); and
``(ii) such other information as the 
Secretary determines appropriate; and
``(B) is not required to include information 
relating to pricing or research and development costs 
of the eligible antimicrobial.
``(3) Review.--Not later than 90 days after the date on 
which the Secretary receives an application under this 
subsection with respect to an eligible antimicrobial (including 
a revised application under paragraph (4)), the Secretary 
shall--
``(A) review the application;
``(B) if the eligible antimicrobial's score is 
below the minimum scoring threshold described in 
subsection (d)(1)(B), deny the application; and
``(C) if the eligible antimicrobial's score meets 
or exceeds such minimum scoring threshold, approve the 
application and calculate annual payments for the 
contract under subsection (f).
``(4) Revised applications.--Beginning 1 year after the 
denial of an application with respect to an eligible 
antimicrobial under paragraph (3), and not more frequently than 
once every 2 years thereafter, the sponsor of the eligible 
antimicrobial may submit to the Secretary a revised application 
for the eligible antimicrobial with additional information that 
may materially affect the eligible antimicrobial's score under 
subsection (d).
``(d) Scoring.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than 270 days after the date 
of enactment of this part, the Secretary, in consultation with 
the Advisory Group established under section 399PP-1, the 
Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, the Director 
of the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, 
and the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, shall promulgate 
regulations, after the consideration of comments received in 
response to a public request for information and a public 
hearing, establishing--
``(A) a quantitative scoring methodology for 
eligible antimicrobials for which applications are 
submitted under this section; and
``(B) a minimum scoring threshold that the score of 
an eligible antimicrobial under paragraph (2) must meet 
or exceed in order for the sponsor of such eligible 
antimicrobial to enter into a contract under this 
section.
``(2) Methodology.--An eligible antimicrobial shall receive 
a score, calculated by points awarded based on criteria 
developed in consultation with the Advisory Group established 
under section 399PP-1 within the following three categories, 
with a weighting assigned to each criterion established under 
such categories and a greater number of points resulting in a 
higher score:
``(A) Category i.--The eligible antimicrobial's 
major contributions to patient care, including--
``(i) improving clinical outcomes for 
patients with multi-drug-resistant infections;
``(ii) improved dose frequency;
``(iii) reduced toxicity;
``(iv) reductions in adverse events; and
``(v) benefits from the eligible 
antimicrobial's route of administration, 
especially through oral administration or more 
than one administration method.
``(B) Category ii.--The innovative characteristics 
of the eligible antimicrobial, including--
``(i) being a first-approved antimicrobial 
drug that has the potential to address, or has 
the evidence of addressing, unmet medical needs 
for the treatment of a serious or life-
threatening infection, or, to a lesser extent, 
second and third drugs that treat such 
infection;
``(ii) containing no active moiety (as 
defined in section 314.3 of title 21, Code of 
Federal Regulations (or any successor 
regulations)) that has been approved in any 
other application under section 505(b) of the 
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and 
containing no active ingredient licensed in any 
other biological product license application 
under section 351(a) of this Act;
``(iii) being a member of a new class of 
drugs with a novel target or novel mode of 
action that are distinctly different from the 
target or mode of any antimicrobial drug 
approved under such section 505(b) or licensed 
under such section 351(a); and
``(iv) addressing a multi-drug resistant 
infection through a novel chemical scaffold or 
mode of action.
``(C) Category iii.--The benefit of the eligible 
antimicrobial to health systems and public health, 
including--
``(i) not being affected by cross-
resistance to one or more antimicrobials 
approved under such section 505(b) or licensed 
under such section 351(a);
``(ii) manufacturing capabilities within 
the United States;
``(iii) improved product stability and 
storage;
``(iv) increased activity against 
resistance mechanisms; and
``(v) reduction of the economic or 
population burden of antimicrobial resistance 
in the United States.
``(e) Contract Requirements.--As a condition of entering into a 
contract under this section with respect to an eligible antimicrobial, 
the sponsor of the eligible antimicrobial shall--
``(1) beginning on the date that is 30 days after the 
sponsor receives its first payment under the contract and for 
the remainder of the contract term, ensure--
``(A) the commercial availability of the eligible 
antimicrobial in the United States; and
``(B) sufficient supply of the eligible 
antimicrobial for antimicrobial susceptibility test 
device manufacturers;
``(2) identify, track, and publicly report drug resistance 
data and trends using available data related to the eligible 
antimicrobial, including the use of data collected by the 
Secretary under section 399PP-2(c);
``(3) develop and implement education and communications 
strategies for health care professionals and patients 
concerning the appropriate use of the eligible antimicrobial, 
such as--
``(A) information from labeling approved by the 
Food and Drug Administration; and
``(B) communications for individuals with limited 
English proficiency and individuals with disabilities;
``(4) submit to the Secretary a plan regarding the 
appropriate use of the eligible antimicrobial, including best 
practices for antimicrobial stewardship and a general 
description of how the product will be marketed. The 
appropriate use plan may include a plan to collect data on the 
impact of diagnostics, antimicrobial stewardship programs, and 
other appropriate use efforts on patient outcomes and health-
care costs;
``(5) upon the request of the Secretary, submit to the 
Secretary a plan for registering the eligible antimicrobial in 
countries other than the United States where an unmet medical 
need exists;
``(6) undertake efforts to ensure a reliable drug supply 
chain, including, in the event of the Food and Drug 
Administration determining that a shortage exists for the 
eligible antimicrobial, not later than 30 days after such 
determination submitting to the Secretary a plan to address 
such shortage;
``(7) beginning on the date that is 30 days after the 
sponsor receives its first payment under the contract and for 
the remainder of the contract term, manufacture the eligible 
antimicrobial drug at a volume that reasonably ensures the 
availability of sufficient quantities of the drug to meet the 
needs of individuals with the disease or condition for which 
the eligible antimicrobial is approved in the United States;
``(8) abide by manufacturing and environmental best 
practices for the control of discharge of antimicrobial active 
pharmaceutical ingredients and other antimicrobial agents or 
products, including the antibiotic manufacturing standard 
developed by the AMR Industry Alliance (as described in the 
report titled `Minimizing risk of developing antibiotic 
resistance and aquatic ecotoxicity in the environment resulting 
from the manufacturing of human antibiotics' published in May 
2025) or seeking a sustainability certification from BSI 
Standards Limited; and
``(9) abide by such other terms as the Secretary may 
require under the contract.
``(f) Annual Payments.--
``(1) In general.--Pursuant to a contract entered into 
under this section, the Secretary shall make annual payments to 
the sponsor of an eligible antimicrobial for the duration of 
the contract term. Such payments shall begin not later than 180 
days after the date on which the Secretary approves the 
contract.
``(2) Calculation system.--The Secretary, in consultation 
with the Administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 
Services, shall promulgate regulations establishing a system 
for the calculation of the annual payments described in 
paragraph (1). Such system shall adhere to the following:
``(A) Minimum and maximum amount.--An annual 
payment may not be less than $75,000,000 or more than 
$300,000,000, adjusted on an annual basis in accordance 
with the consumer price index for all urban consumers 
(all items; United States city average).
``(B) Adjustment for net revenue.--The annual 
payment shall be adjusted downward by the amount of net 
revenue from sales in the United States of the eligible 
antimicrobial during the previous 12-month period, 
including any legally mandated or voluntary discounts 
and rebates provided by the sponsor of the eligible 
antimicrobial, such as volume discounts, prompt pay 
discounts, cash discounts, free goods that are 
contingent on any purchase requirement, chargebacks, 
and rebates.
``(3) Disclosure of information.--The Secretary may require 
the sponsor of an eligible antimicrobial to disclose to the 
Secretary such information as the Secretary requires to 
calculate an annual payment under this subsection. 
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, such information 
shall be kept confidential and may not be--
``(A) disclosed by the Secretary to any entity, 
including other governmental or private parties, in a 
form that reveals the identity of a specific 
manufacturer or the prices charged for drugs by such 
manufacturer; or
``(B) used by the Secretary for any purpose other 
than calculating the annual payments under this 
subsection.
``(4) Termination of payments.--The Secretary may cease 
annual payments pursuant to a contract entered into under this 
section if the Secretary determines that the sponsor of the 
eligible antimicrobial subject to such contract--
``(A) permanently withdraws the eligible 
antimicrobial from the market in the United States;
``(B) materially fails to meet one or more of the 
requirements described in subsection (e) after notice 
by the Secretary and an opportunity to correct; or
``(C) does not conduct with due diligence a 
postmarket study required to be completed by the Food 
and Drug Administration during the term of the 
contract.
``(5) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this subsection 
shall be construed as authorizing the Secretary--
``(A) to disclose any information that is a trade 
secret or confidential information subject to section 
552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code, or section 
1905 of title 18, United States Code; or
``(B) to use evidence from comparative clinical 
effectiveness research in a manner that treats 
extending the life of an elderly, disabled, or 
terminally ill individual as of lower value than 
extending the life of an individual who is younger, 
nondisabled, or not terminally ill for the purposes of 
calculating annual payments under this subsection, 
including in such a way that would limit patient 
access.
``(g) Contract Term.--
``(1) Length of term.--The term of a contract entered into 
under this section shall end on the earlier of--
``(A) the date that is 10 years after the date on 
which the contract is approved; and
``(B) the date on which the Secretary determines at 
least one drug or biological product is--
``(i) approved or licensed (as 
applicable)--
``(I) under section 505(j) of the 
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 
using the contract antimicrobial as the 
listed drug; or
``(II) under section 351(k) of the 
Public Health Service Act, using the 
contract antimicrobial as the reference 
product; and
``(ii) marketed pursuant to such approval 
or licensure.
``(2) Effect.--A contract shall remain in effect for the 
term described in paragraph (1) even if the pathogen treated by 
the eligible antimicrobial is later removed from the Antibiotic 
Resistance Threats in the United States report described in 
subsection (b)(1)(A).
``(h) Other Government Participation.--The Secretary shall make 
efforts to increase the participation of other governmental bodies in 
offering financial incentives to create commercial access to new and 
novel antimicrobials that are similar to the contracts under this 
section.
``(i) Authority Vested in the Secretary.--The authority vested in 
the Secretary by this section to enter into contracts may be performed 
without regard to such provisions of law or regulations relating to the 
making, performance, amendment, or modification of contracts of the 
United States, as the Secretary may determine to be inconsistent with 
the furtherance of the purposes of this part.

``SEC. 399PP-1. CRITICAL NEED ANTIMICROBIAL ADVISORY GROUP.

``(a) In General.--Not later than 60 days after the date of 
enactment of this part, the Secretary shall establish a Critical Need 
Antimicrobial Advisory Group (referred to in this part as the `Advisory 
Group') and appoint its members.
``(b) Members.--The Advisory Group shall be composed of 15 members, 
to be appointed by the Secretary as follows:
``(1) 4 individuals who are physicians board-certified in 
infectious diseases.
``(2) 4 individuals who are experts with demonstrated 
expertise in antimicrobial resistance, health economics, or 
research and development or commercialization of antimicrobial 
drugs.
``(3) 4 individuals to serve as patient advocates, who are 
well versed in antimicrobial treatment or resistance, either as 
patients themselves or as caretakers.
``(4) 3 additional individuals who meet the qualifications 
specified in paragraph (1), (2), or (3).
``(c) Chair.--In addition to the members appointed under subsection 
(b), the Secretary shall appoint 1 individual to serve as a non-voting 
Chair of the Advisory Group. Such individual shall meet the 
qualifications specified in paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of subsection 
(b).
``(d) Conflicts of Interest.--In appointing members under 
subsection (b) and a Chair under subsection (c), the Secretary shall 
ensure that no member (including the Chair) receives during the 
individual's term of service with the Advisory Group compensation in 
any manner from a commercial or for-profit entity that develops or 
intends to develop antimicrobial drugs. In implementing the 
requirements of this part, the Secretary shall prohibit Advisory Group 
members (including the Chair) from participating in any particular 
Advisory Group matter that will have a direct and predictable effect on 
their financial interests.
``(e) Applicability of FACA.--
``(1) In general.--Except as otherwise provided in this 
section, chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code (commonly 
referred to as the `Federal Advisory Committee Act') shall 
apply to the Advisory Group.
``(2) Termination.--Section 1013 of such title (relating to 
the termination of advisory committees) shall not apply to the 
Advisory Group.

``SEC. 399PP-2. ENCOURAGING APPROPRIATE USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS AND 
COMBATING RESISTANCE.

``(a) Health Facility Grant Program.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
enactment of this part, the Secretary, acting through the 
Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in 
this subsection referred to as the `Secretary'), shall 
establish a grant program to support hospital, skilled nursing 
facility, and other health care facility efforts--
``(A) to judiciously use antimicrobial drugs, such 
as by establishing or implementing appropriate use 
programs, including infectious disease telehealth 
programs, using appropriate diagnostic tools, 
partnering with academic hospitals, increasing health 
care-associated infection reporting and prevention 
efforts, and monitoring antimicrobial resistance; and
``(B) to participate in the National Healthcare 
Safety Network Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Module 
or the Emerging Infections Program Healthcare-
Associated Infections Community Interface activity of 
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as 
specified by the Secretary, relating to antimicrobial 
drugs.
``(2) Prioritization.--In awarding grants under paragraph 
(1), the Secretary shall prioritize health care facilities 
without an existing program to judiciously use antimicrobial 
drugs, subsection (d) hospitals (as defined in section 
1886(d)(1)(B) of the Social Security Act) that are located in 
rural areas (as defined in section 1886(d)(2)(D) of such Act), 
critical access hospitals (as defined in section 1861(mm)(1) of 
such Act), hospitals serving Tribal populations, and safety-net 
hospitals.
``(3) Standards for use of grant funds.--In implementing or 
expanding an antibiotic stewardship program, an entity 
receiving a grant under paragraph (1) shall adhere to 
nationally recognized guidelines and best practices, including 
adequate staffing, for improving antibiotic use.
``(b) Antimicrobial Stewardship Pilot Program for Outpatient 
Facilities.--
``(1) Antimicrobial stewardship pilot program for 
outpatient facilities.--Not later than 2 years after the date 
of enactment of this part, the Secretary, in consultation with 
the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 
and the Administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 
Services (in this subsection referred to as the `Secretary'), 
shall establish a pilot program to make grants to entities to 
implement or expand antibiotic stewardship programs in 
outpatient facilities.
``(2) Implementation.--In developing the pilot program, the 
Secretary shall consult with professional societies with 
expertise in antibiotic stewardship.
``(3) Eligible entities.--To be eligible to receive a grant 
under paragraph (1), an entity shall be--
``(A) a physician;
``(B) a hospital outpatient department;
``(C) an urgent care setting described in paragraph 
(5)(A); or
``(D) a retail clinic described in paragraph 
(5)(B).
``(4) Standards for use of grant funds.--In implementing or 
expanding an antibiotic stewardship program through a grant 
under this subsection, an entity shall adhere to nationally 
recognized guidelines and best practices, including adequate 
staffing, for improving antibiotic use.
``(5) Prioritization.--In awarding grants under paragraph 
(1), the Secretary shall prioritize--
``(A) urgent care settings, such as facilities that 
use Place of Service Code 20 for urgent care developed 
by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (or any 
successor code); and
``(B) retail clinics, meaning facilities that are 
co-located with a pharmacy or other retail commercial 
establishment, such as those that use Place of Service 
Code 17 for walk-in retail health clinics developed by 
the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (or any 
successor code).
``(6) Report.--Not later than 5 years after the date of 
enactment of this part, the Secretary shall submit to Congress 
a report on the impacts of the pilot program, including 
recommendations for expanding antimicrobial stewardship to 
additional outpatient settings.
``(c) Surveillance and Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and 
Resistance.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the 
Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
shall use the National Healthcare Safety Network and other 
appropriate surveillance systems to collect data and assess 
trends in antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic and 
antifungal use, such as--
``(A) appropriate conditions and measures causally 
related to antimicrobial resistance, including types of 
infections, the source or body sites of infections, the 
demographic information of patients with infections, 
infection onset in a community or hospital setting, 
increased lengths of hospital stay, increased costs, 
and rates of mortality; and
``(B) changes in bacterial and fungal resistance to 
antimicrobial drugs, including changes in percent 
resistance, prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant 
infections, rates of mortality, and other such changes.
``(2) Antimicrobial use data.--The Secretary, acting 
through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, shall obtain reliable and comparable human 
antibiotic and antifungal drug consumption data (including, as 
available and appropriate, volume antimicrobial distribution 
data and antibiotic and antifungal use data, including 
prescription data) by State or metropolitan areas. To 
accomplish this, the Secretary may work with, as appropriate, 
Federal departments and agencies (including the Department of 
Veterans Affairs, the Department of Defense, the Department of 
Homeland Security, the Bureau of Prisons, the Indian Health 
Service, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services), 
private vendors, health care organizations, pharmacy benefit 
managers, and other entities.
``(3) Antimicrobial resistance trend data.--The Secretary, 
acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention, shall intensify and expand efforts to collect 
antimicrobial resistance data and encourage adoption of the 
Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Module or other appropriate 
module within the National Healthcare Safety Network and other 
appropriate surveillance systems among all health care 
facilities across the continuum of care, including, as 
appropriate, acute care hospitals, dialysis facilities, nursing 
homes, ambulatory surgical centers, and other ambulatory health 
care settings in which antimicrobial drugs are routinely 
prescribed. The Secretary shall seek to collect such data from 
electronic medication administration reports and laboratory 
systems to produce the reports described in paragraph (5).
``(4) Diagnostics data.--The Secretary shall collect data 
on tests used to diagnose and inform the appropriate treatment 
of infections in health care settings. This includes data on 
the implementation of diagnostic stewardship to ensure the 
appropriate use of a diagnostic test before a treatment is 
prescribed, and the use of diagnostics in monitoring and 
tracking infectious diseases. The Secretary shall collect data 
on the use of diagnostic tests through the National Healthcare 
Safety Network (in this paragraph referred to as the `NHSN') 
Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Module or other appropriate 
NHSN module. These efforts shall be implemented in 
collaboration with external stakeholders, including infectious 
disease professional societies, patient advocacy organizations, 
health care systems and professionals, and the diagnostics 
industry.
``(5) Public availability of data.--Beginning on the date 
that is 2 years after the date of enactment of this part, the 
Secretary shall, for the purposes of improving the monitoring 
of important trends in antimicrobial use and resistance, and, 
as appropriate, patient outcomes in relation to antimicrobial 
resistance--
``(A) make the data described in paragraphs (1) 
through (4) publicly available through reports and web 
updates issued on a regular basis that is not less than 
annually; and
``(B) examine opportunities to make such data 
available in near real time.

``SEC. 399PP-3. DEFINITIONS.

``In this part:
``(1) Antimicrobial drug.--The term `antimicrobial drug'--
``(A) means--
``(i) a drug that directly inhibits 
replication of or kills bacteria or fungi, or 
acts on the substances produced by such 
bacteria or fungi, relevant to the proposed 
indication at concentrations likely to be 
attainable in humans to achieve the intended 
therapeutic effect; and
``(ii) a biological product that acts 
directly on bacteria or fungi or on the 
substances produced by such bacteria or fungi; 
and
``(B) does not include--
``(i) a drug that achieves the effect 
described in subparagraph (A)(i) only at a 
concentration that cannot reasonably be studied 
in humans because of its anticipated toxicity; 
or
``(ii) a vaccine.
``(2) Contract.--The term `contract' means a transaction 
other than a procurement contract, grant, or a cooperative 
agreement.
``(3) Contract antimicrobial.--The term `contract 
antimicrobial' means an antimicrobial drug or biological 
product for which a contract under this part is in effect.
``(4) Eligible antimicrobial.--The term `eligible 
antimicrobial' means an antimicrobial drug or biological 
product that satisfies the eligibility criteria described in 
section 399PP(b).

``SEC. 399PP-4. APPROPRIATIONS.

``(a) In General.--To carry out this part, there is authorized to 
be appropriated, and appropriated, to the Secretary, out of amounts in 
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, $6,000,000,000 for fiscal year 
2026, to remain available until expended.
``(b) Allocation.--The Secretary may use not more than 6.5 percent 
of the amounts appropriated under subsection (a) to carry out section 
399PP-2.
``(c) Emergency Designation.--
``(1) In general.--The amounts provided by this section are 
designated as an emergency requirement pursuant to section 4(g) 
of the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010.
``(2) Designation in senate.--In the Senate, this section 
is designated as an emergency requirement pursuant to section 
4112(a) of H. Con. Res. 71 (115th Congress), the concurrent 
resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018.''.
<all>