S.Res. 652

[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. Res. 652 Agreed to Senate (ATS)]

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119th CONGRESS
2d Session
S. RES. 652

Recognizing the importance of the United States-Japan Alliance and 
welcoming the visit of Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae to the United 
States.

_______________________________________________________________________

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

March 19, 2026

Mr. Hagerty (for himself, Ms. Hirono, Mr. Risch, Mrs. Shaheen, Mr. 
Ricketts, Mr. Kim, Mr. Wicker, Mr. Coons, Mr. Scott of Florida, and Mr. 
Sullivan) submitted the following resolution; which was considered and 
agreed to

_______________________________________________________________________

RESOLUTION

Recognizing the importance of the United States-Japan Alliance and 
welcoming the visit of Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae to the United 
States.

Whereas the United States-Japan alliance remains a cornerstone of peace, 
security, and prosperity and underscores the unwavering commitment of 
the United States to Japan and the Indo-Pacific region;
Whereas United States President Donald J. Trump and Japanese Prime Minister 
Takaichi Sanae held their first official meeting in Tokyo, Japan, on 
October 28, 2025, and signed a joint document in which they ``confirmed 
their strong commitment to implementing'' the Agreement between the 
United States and Japan announced on July 22, 2025, and ``instructed 
relevant ministers and secretaries to take further steps for a new 
golden age of the ever-growing U.S.-Japan Alliance'';
Whereas Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae made history with her election in October 
2025 as Japan's first-ever female prime minister;
Whereas the United States and Japan established diplomatic relations with the 
signing of the Treaty of Peace and Amity on March 31, 1854;
Whereas 2026 marks the 75th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of San 
Francisco by the United States, Japan and 47 other nations on September 
8, 1951, which formally ended the state of war and restored full 
sovereignty to Japan;
Whereas 2026 marks the 66th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Mutual 
Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan on June 19, 
1960, an agreement that succeeded the Security Treaty between the United 
States and Japan of September 8, 1951;
Whereas, over the last 8 decades, the partnership built on democratic values and 
shared commitment to security and prosperity between the United States 
and Japan has grown from the end of World War II into one of the most 
consequential alliances in the world;
Whereas the United States-Japan alliance continues to advance the national 
security, economic security, and energy security of both nations;
Whereas, to strengthen the United States-Japan alliance, Japan has committed to 
fundamentally strengthen its capabilities for national defense, 
deterrence, and response;
Whereas Japan achieved its goal of spending 2 percent of gross domestic product 
on defense before March 2026;
Whereas Japan will revise its National Security Strategy, National Defense 
Strategy, and Defense Buildup Program during 2026 to account for changes 
in the security environment since the last revision of these documents 
in December 2022;
Whereas the United States and Japan have deepened their defense cooperation 
through foreign military sales, co-development and co-production, 
frequent bilateral and multilateral exercises, and across domains that 
include space and cyber;
Whereas the Government of Japan shares the costs of stationing approximately 
55,000 members of the United States Armed Forces, civilians, and their 
family members in Japan, and enables the United States to forward deploy 
significant military assets to meet the alliance's current and future 
security challenges;
Whereas, on July 1, 2014, the cabinet of then-Japan Prime Minister Abe Shinzo 
approved a reinterpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan 
with respect to the exercise of collective self-defense when the 
``Government has reached a conclusion that not only when an armed attack 
against Japan occurs but also when an armed attack against a foreign 
country that is in a close relationship with Japan occurs and as a 
result threatens Japan's survival and poses a clear danger to 
fundamentally overturn people's right to life, liberty and pursuit of 
happiness, and when there is no other appropriate means available to 
repel the attack and ensure Japan's survival and protect its people'';
Whereas on March 29, 2016, the Legislation for Peace and Security, which 
enhances the deterrence of the Japan-U.S. Alliance for the peace and 
stability in the Asia-Pacific region, entered into force;
Whereas the extended deterrence commitments of the United States to Japan remain 
ironclad and backed by the full range of United States capabilities;
Whereas the Senkaku Islands fall within the scope of Article V of the Treaty of 
Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan;
Whereas since the beginning of Russia's unprovoked and unjustified invasion of 
Ukraine, Japan has demonstrated its strong support for Ukraine, 
including through high-level diplomatic engagements, humanitarian and 
security assistance, financial support, and coordinating sanctions 
against Russia;
Whereas the United States and Japan are working together to create new economic 
opportunities and new jobs for people in both nations in various 
sectors, including energy and energy infrastructure, artificial 
intelligence, semiconductors, electronics and supply chain, rare earths 
and critical minerals, manufacturing and logistics, pharmaceuticals, 
automobiles, and shipbuilding;
Whereas Japan is one of the largest trading partners of the United States, with 
bilateral trade exceeding $317,000,000,000 in 2024;
Whereas Japan, by country of ultimate beneficial owner, accounted for over 
$819,000,000,000 of cumulative foreign direct investment in the United 
States at the end of 2024, making Japan the largest investor in the 
United States for 6 consecutive years since 2019, and has recently 
committed to further invest $550,000,000,000 in the United States;
Whereas Japan has contributed to the promotion of quality infrastructure 
investment and economic security, and the United States and Japan 
continue to share an interest in cooperation on energy security and 
advanced energy technologies;
Whereas, on October 7, 2019, the Governments of the United States and Japan 
signed the United States-Japan Trade Agreement and United States-Japan 
Digital Trade Agreement, which both entered into force on January 1, 
2020;
Whereas, on October 25, 2025, President Trump and Prime Minister Takaichi signed 
the United States-Japan Framework for Securing the Supply of Critical 
Minerals and Rare Earths through Mining and Processing to further 
diversify our critical minerals supply chain;
Whereas a strong trilateral relationship among the United States, Japan, and the 
Republic of Korea is vital for promoting security and prosperity in the 
Indo-Pacific, defending freedom and democracy, advancing innovation, 
supply chain resilience, and economic security, and upholding 
internationally-recognized human rights and the rule of law;
Whereas, in August 2023, then-Japan Prime Minister Kishida Fumio, then-Republic 
of Korea President Yoon Suk Yeol, and then-United States President 
Joseph R. Biden announced a ``new era of trilateral partnership'' at the 
Camp David Summit, including a ``commitment to consult'' in an 
expeditious manner regarding regional challenges, provocations, and 
threats affecting trilateral collective interests and security;
Whereas the United States, Japan, and the Republic of Korea have deepened mutual 
cooperation and dialogue in a series of fields, including--

(1) the expansion of a multi-year schedule for trilateral military 
exercises, including through the regular conduct of Freedom Edge, a 
trilateral multi-domain exercise;

(2) the real-time Democratic People's Republic of Korea missile warning 
data sharing mechanism;

(3) trilateral cooperation for enhancing economic security and supply 
chain resilience, including the trilateral Early Warning System on critical 
minerals;

(4) trilateral people-to-people exchanges, including the Young 
Trilateral Leaders Summit and a technology leaders training program; and

(5) the Trilateral Diplomatic Working Group to counter cyber threats 
posed by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea;

Whereas, since 2023, the Governments of the United States, of Japan, and of the 
Republic of Korea have joined bipartisan delegations of United States 
Senators to participate in the Trilateral Executive Dialogue, an annual 
conference that brings together the leadership of major companies from 
the 3 nations to discuss a broad range of economic security, energy 
security, and national security issues;
Whereas, since 2010, the Governments of the United States, of Japan, and of 
Australia have convened a Trilateral Defense Ministerial meeting that 
focuses on deepening coordination of military operations, enhancing 
trilateral planning, and increasing defense industrial cooperation and 
capability development;
Whereas the United States, Japan, and the Republic of the Philippines have 
deepened trilateral cooperation to advance the national security, 
economic security, and energy security interests of their respective 
countries;
Whereas Japan has contributed to supporting the Indo-Pacific region's 
development, stability, and prosperity through the positive and 
practical agenda of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (referred to in 
this preamble as the ``Quad'') with the United States, Australia, and 
India;
Whereas the United States and Japan worked with other members of the Quad to 
advance shared objectives for the Indo-Pacific region, including through 
cooperation with and support for--

(1) the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and ASEAN's 
centrality and unity;

(2) the Pacific Islands Forum and Pacific-led regional groupings; and

(3) the Indian Ocean Rim Association;

Whereas the United States, Japan and other Quad members announced a new, 
ambitious, and strong agenda focused on 4 key areas, namely--

(1) maritime and transnational security;

(2) economic prosperity and security;

(3) critical and emerging technologies; and

(4) humanitarian assistance and emergency response;

Whereas the United States, Japan, and the other Quad members jointly stated on 
July 1, 2025, ``We remain seriously concerned about the situation in the 
East China Sea and South China Sea. We reiterate our strong opposition 
to any unilateral actions that seek to change the status quo by force or 
coercion.'';
Whereas the United States, Japan, the Republic of the Philippines, and Australia 
have deepened quadrilateral cooperation to advance the national 
security, economic security, and energy security interests of their 
respective countries;
Whereas the Government of Japan-sponsored Japan Exchange and Teaching Program 
has more than 40,000 United States alumni and represents one of many 
exchanges that have cemented our close people-to-people ties;
Whereas, as of July 2025, 208 United States Government officials have traveled 
to Japan under the United States-sponsored and Japan-supported Mansfield 
Fellowship, which has deepened the United States-Japan alliance by 
promoting firsthand knowledge of Japanese government policies and 
processes relating to aerospace, energy policy, and cybersecurity, among 
other areas;
Whereas more than 1,600,000 individuals visit Washington, D.C. every year to 
celebrate the National Cherry Blossom Festival, which serves as a 
reminder of the enduring friendship between the United States and Japan;
Whereas the Government of Japan announced that it is gifting an additional 250 
cherry blossom trees to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the signing 
of the Declaration of Independence; and
Whereas, in March 2026, Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae will visit the United 
States at the invitation of President Donald J. Trump: Now, therefore, 
be it
Resolved, That the Senate--
(1) welcomes Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae to the United 
States;
(2) reaffirms the strong and enduring alliance between the 
Governments of the United States and Japan, rooted in a shared 
commitment to upholding peace, security, and prosperity in the 
Indo-Pacific region and around the world;
(3) stands ready to support efforts to build a more capable 
and modernized alliance to address regional and global 
challenges to national security, economic security, and energy 
security;
(4) applauds the commitment of the Government of Japan to 
defense modernization, including the achievement of its goal to 
increase defense spending to 2 percent of its gross domestic 
product before the end of its current fiscal year on March 31, 
2026;
(5) reaffirms the commitment of the United States to the 
defense of Japan under Article V of the Treaty of Mutual 
Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan, 
done at Washington January 19, 1960;
(6) reaffirms that--
(A) the Senkaku Islands fall within the scope of 
Article V of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and 
Security Between the United States and Japan; and
(B) the United States remains opposed to any 
unilateral attempts to change the status quo by force 
or coercion in the East China Sea or undermine Japan's 
administration of these islands, or in the South China 
Sea;
(7) recognizes the entry into force of Japan's Legislation 
for Peace and Security on March 29, 2016, which enables Japan--
(A) to seamlessly respond to any situations to 
secure the lives and peaceful livelihood of its people; 
and
(B) to contribute to the peace and stability of the 
international community;
(8) recognizes the unprecedented convergence of the 
strategies for national security and defense strategies between 
our nations and the need to further bolster deterrence in the 
Indo-Pacific;
(9) supports the determination of Japan to achieve the 
immediate resolution of the abduction issue and calls on the 
Democratic People's Republic of Korea to release any abductees;
(10) supports Japan's efforts to expand national security 
and economic security cooperation with other allies and 
partners of the United States, including the Republic of Korea, 
Australia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and India;
(11) applauds continuing advancements--
(A) in trilateral cooperation among the United 
States, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, among the 
United States, Japan, and Australia, and among the 
United States, Japan, and the Philippines;
(B) in quadrilateral cooperation among the United 
States, Japan, Australia, and India and among the 
United States, Japan, the Philippines, and Australia; 
and
(C) in bilateral relations between Japan and the 
Republic of Korea;
(12) encourages efforts to strengthen engagement with Japan 
in bilateral and multilateral forums, including the Quad;
(13) calls for continued cooperation between the 
Governments of the United States and Japan in promoting our 
shared democratic values, rule of law, and respect for 
internationally-recognized human rights; and
(14) commits to strengthening and deepening diplomatic, 
economic, security, and people-to-people ties between the 
United States and Japan.
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